Retos durante la realización de cesáreas perimorten / Challenges during the performance of perimortem cesarean section

Introducción: El paro cardiaco en gestantes y la cesárea perimorten son infrecuentes. Estas constituyen catástrofes médicas que precisan atención inmediata. Realizar este proceder según normas adecuadas brinda mejores opciones a la madre y el feto. Cuba presta especial atención al binomio materno fetal, para ello emplea grandes recursos humanos y tecnológicos. Objetivo: Actualizar la información acerca de cesárea perimorten. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión en bases de datos que permitiese encontrar descripciones epidemiológicas, informes de casos, series de casos, comunicaciones personales, y estudios en diferentes contextos sanitarios, los cuales sirvieran de evidencia científica del tema. Resultados: El paro cardiaco en embarazadas es un evento infrecuente, la realización de una cesárea perimorten con tiempo reducido (4-5 min) resultó una opción efectiva. El trabajo del equipo multidisciplinario basado en protocolos tiene una función que beneficia tanto a la madre como al feto. Actualmente se recomienda el concepto de histerotomía resucitadora que refleja la optimización de los esfuerzos realizados en la reanimación. La muerte materna por anestesia es una emergencia médica que requiere especial atención. Existen asociaciones médicas que preconizan las escalas de cuidados precoces en gestantes graves, con un entrenamiento actualizado y con estrategias novedosas para obtener mejores resultados. Conclusiones: El estudio del paro cardiaco en gestantes, la cesárea perimorten y la muerte materna relacionada con la anestesia son importantes. La creación de grupos multidisciplinarios y grupos bien entrenados son la mejor opción en estas circunstancias. Se recomienda incrementar el estudio y entrenamiento para ofrecer las mejores opciones al binomio materno-fetal(AU)

Introduction: Cardiac arrest in pregnant women and perimortem cesarean section are rare. These are medical catastrophes that require immediate attention. Performing this procedure according to adequate standards provides better options for both the mother and the fetus. Cuba pays special attention to the maternal-fetal binomial, for which large amounts of human and technological resources are used. Objective: To update the information about perimortem cesarean section. Methods: A database review was carried out to find epidemiological descriptions, case reports, case series, personal communications, and studies in different health contexts, which would serve as scientific evidence on the subject. Results: Cardiac arrest in pregnant women is a rare event; the performance of a perimortem cesarean section with reduced time (4-5 min) was an effective option. The work of the multidisciplinary team based on protocols has a function that benefits both the mother and the fetus. Currently, the concept of resuscitative hysterotomy is recommended, which reflects the optimization of the resuscitation efforts. Maternal death by anesthesia is a medical emergency that requires special attention. There are medical associations that advocate the scales of early care in pregnant women, with updated training and innovative strategies to obtain better outcomes. Conclusions: The study of cardiac arrest in pregnant women, perimortem caesarean section and anesthesia-related maternal death are important. The creation of multidisciplinary groups and well-trained groups are the best option in these circumstances. It is recommended to increase the study and training to offer the best options to the maternal-fetal binomial(AU)

Éxitus materno tras cesárea en gestante con anomalía de Taussig-Bing y síndrome de Eisenmenger / Maternal Exitus after Cesarean Section in Pregnant Women with Taussig-Bing Anomaly and Eisenmenger Syndrome

La anomalía de Taussig-Bing es una cardiopatía congénita cianosante caracterizada por la dextrotransposición de grandes vasos. Esta produce una doble salida arterial desde el ventrículo derecho, asociado a una comunicación interventricular. Este cuadro puede generar una hipertensión pulmonar secundaria al aumento de las resistencias vasculares y un flujo reverso cardiaco, conocido como síndrome de Eisenmenger. Normalmente, se presenta antes de la pubertad, aunque en ocasiones, puede debutar en la vida adulta, progresando durante dicha etapa. Clínicamente, se caracteriza por rasgos crónicos, como las acropaquias, la disnea, la sensación de cansancio o la cianosis. El diagnóstico de este tipo de cardiopatías se basa en la clínica y en las pruebas de imagen, preferentemente en el estudio ecocardiográfico fetal o durante la edad pediátrica. El tratamiento de elección es la corrección quirúrgica de las malformaciones cardiacas, siendo preferente la rectificación de la salida de la aorta y el cierre de la comunicación interventricular. El pronóstico depende del grado de hipertensión pulmonar, del momento del diagnóstico y de la corrección quirúrgica precoz. A edades tempranas se obtiene un mejor resultado, aunque las tasas de mortalidad alcanzan 50 % en algunos casos, incluso tras una corrección quirúrgica óptima. La gestación no está recomendada en pacientes que padecen dicha patología, la cual se ha contraindicado, según algunos estudios, en ausencia de tratamiento adecuado. Así pues, describimos un caso en el que una gestante con una anomalía Taussig-Bing sufre una atonía uterina y un posterior paro cardiorrespiratoria tras el parto, realizado mediante cesárea electiva, tras la que la paciente falleció(AU)

The Taussig-Bing anomaly is a congenital cyanosis characterized by the dextrotransposition of large vessels. It produces a double arterial exit from the right ventricle, associated with an interventricular communication. This may lead to pulmonary hypertension secondary to increased vascular resistance and a cardiac reverse flow, known as Eisenmenger syndrome. Generally, it occurs before puberty, although occasionally, it can debut in adults, progressing during that stage. It is clinically characterized by chronic features, such as acropachies, dyspnea, tiredness or cyanosis. The diagnosis of this type of heart disease is based on clinical exam and imaging tests, if at all possible in the fetal echocardiographic study or during the pediatric age. The surgical correction of cardiac malformations is the treatment of choice, modifying the aortic exit and closing of ventricular septal defect. The prognosis depends on the degree of pulmonary hypertension, the time of diagnosis, and the early surgical correction. Better outcome is obtained at early ages, although mortality rates reach 50% in some cases, even after optimal surgical correction. Pregnancy is not recommended in patients suffering from this disease. Some studies contraindicate pregnancy in absence of proper treatment. Thus, we describe a case of a pregnant woman with a Taussig-Bing anomaly, who suffered uterine atony and a subsequent cardiorespiratory arrest after delivery. Elective cesarean section was performed. This patient died(AU)

Calidad de la atención a la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave. Estudio preliminar. Hospital Ginecobstétrico Provincial. Matanzas 2016 / Quality of care to extremely serious maternal morbidity. Preliminary study. Provincial Gyneco-obstetric Hospital. Matanzas, 2016

Introducción: la comprensión de fenómenos organizacionales y elementos culturales es una necesidad en los hospitales y en obstetricia. Las enfermedades durante el embarazo, el parto y el puerperio constituyen las principales causas de muerte, enfermedad y discapacidad, entre las mujeres en edad reproductiva. Objetivo: evaluar los elementos que afectan la calidad de la atención a las pacientes con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio exploratorio, se empleó: grupo focal, diagrama de afinidad, tormenta de ideas, y técnicas de consenso de valoración de criterios. Los planteamientos se procesaron y se evaluaron a través de variables del clima organizacional. Además se ordenaron descendentemente según su capacidad de afectar los resultados. Se cumplen los principios de la ética de la investigación. Resultados: la lista de planteamientos inicial que fue de nueve, se redujo a los que tienen aristas culturales y organizacionales e incidieron en la calidad del proceso que fueron seis. Los aspectos relacionados con protocolos médicos y la operación cesárea fueron los identificados como los de mayor afectación. Conclusiones: los elementos que afectan la calidad de la atención a estas pacientes están en su mayoría relacionados con aspectos organizacionales y culturales. Dentro de ellos se evalúan como de más relevancia, los relacionados con protocolos de actuación médica y con la operación cesárea (AU).

Introduction: the understanding of organizational phenomena and cultural elements is a necessity in hospitals and in obstetrics. Diseases during pregnancy, childbearing and postpartum are the main causes of death, disease and disability among women in reproductive age. Objectives: to assess the elements affecting the quality of care to patients with extremely serious maternal morbidity. Materials and methods: an exploratory study was carried out, using focal group, affinity diagram, brain storm, and consensus techniques of criteria assessment. The pronouncements were processed and assessed through variables of the organizational climate. Besides that, they were ordered in descendent way according to capacity of affecting the results. The principles of the ethic research were fulfilled. Results: the initial list of pronouncements, composed by nine of them, was reduced to those having cultural and organizational biases and striking on the quality of the process, that were six. The aspects related with medical protocols and the cesarean surgeries were identified as the ones with more incidence. Conclusions: the elements affecting the quality of the care to these patients are mostly related with organizational and cultural aspects. Among them, those related with medical performance protocols and cesarean surgeries were evaluated as the most relevant ones (AU).

Análisis de los factores de riesgo de muerte neonatal en Chile, 2010-2014 / Analysis of risk factors for neonatal death in Chile, 2010-2014

Introducción: Los indicadores de salud materno-infantil son un reflejo del nivel de salud alcanzado, nivel de vida y el estado de desarrollo de un país. El período de mayor riesgo de muerte durante el primer año de vida es la etapa neonatal. Objetivo: Analizar los factores sociodemográficos y fisiopatológicos maternos y del recién nacido asociados a la mortalidad neonatal en un hospital terciario de Chile. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de los casos (muerte neonatal) y controles (nacidos vivos) nacidos en el periodo 2010-2014. Se realizó un pareamiento en una proporción 1:2 por año, mes de nacimiento y sexo. Mediante la revisión de fichas clínicas y bases de datos existentes se analizaron las variables sociodemográficas y fisiopatológicas de la madre y del recién nacido. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio ocurrieron 81 muertes neonatales, con una tasa estimada de 5,8 por mil nacidos vivos. Se accedió a 65 casos que se compararon con 130 controles. Las principales causas de muerte correspondieron a la prematurez y malformaciones congénitas. Se encontró que la presencia de parto prematuro (OR: 3; IC95% 1,1-8,7), recién nacido pequeño para la edad gestacional (OR: 4; IC95% 1,7-12,1), puntaje Apgar al minuto entre 4-7 (OR: 4; IC95% 1,8-10,5), actividad materna fuera del hogar (OR: 4; IC95% 2,3-8,7), y parto por cesárea (OR: 3; IC95% 1,5-5,6) fueron los factores de riesgo más prevalentes. Conclusión: La mortalidad neonatal se asocia a prematurez. Es necesario seguir dirigiendo los esfuerzos a la prevención del parto prematuro.

Aim: To analyze socio-demographic as maternal and newborn factors associated with neonatal mortality in a tertiary hospital in Chile. Patients and Method: A retrospective analysis of case (neonatal death) and control (live births) was performed. A match 1:2 proportion considering year, month of birth and gender was made. By reviewing medical records and existing databases, we analyzed sociodemographic and pathophysiological variables of the mother and their newborn in a period between 2010 and 2014. Results: During the period of study 81 neonatal deaths occurred in the hospital, with an estimated rate of 5.8 per thousand live births. Sixty-five cases were recruted, who were compared with 130 controls. The main causes of death were prematurity and congenital malformations. It was found that the presence of preterm birth (OR: 3; 95% CI 1.1-8.7), newborn small for gestational age (OR: 4; 95% CI 1.7-12.1) Apgar score at minute 4-7 (OR: 4; 95% CI 1.8-10.5), maternal activity outside the household (OR: 4; 95% CI 2.3-8.7), and cesarean delivery (OR: 3; 95% CI 1.5-5.6) were the most prevalent risk factors. Conclusion: Neonatal mortality is associated with prematurity. Therefore it is of relevance to continue promoting efforts to prevent preterm birth.

The impact of a modified World Health Organization surgical safety checklist on maternal outcomes in a South African setting: A stratified cluster-randomised controlled trial

Background. In South Africa (SA), the Saving Mothers Reports have shown an alarming increase in deaths during or after caesarean delivery.Objective. To improve maternal surgical safety in KwaZulu-Natal Province, SA, by implementing the modified World Health Organization surgical safety checklist for maternity care (MSSCL) in maternity operating theatres.Methods. The study was a stratified cluster-randomised controlled trial conducted from March to November 2013. Study sites were 18 hospitals offering maternal surgical services in the public health sector. Patients requiring maternal surgical intervention at the study sites were included. Pre-intervention surgical outcomes were assessed. Training of healthcare personnel took place over 1 month, after which the MSSCL was implemented. Post-intervention surgical outcomes were assessed and compared with the pre-intervention findings and the control arm. The main outcome measure was the mean incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of adverse incidents associated with surgery.Results. Significant improvements in the adverse incident rate per 1 000 procedures occurred with combined outcomes (IRR 0.805, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.706 - 0.917), postoperative sepsis (IRR 0.619, 95% CI 0.451 - 0.849), referral to higher levels of care (IRR 1.409, 95% CI 1.066 - 1.862) and unscheduled return to the operating theatre (IRR 0.719, 95% CI 0.574 - 0.899) in the intervention arm. Subgroup analysis based on the quality of implementation demonstrated greater reductions in maternal mortality in hospitals that were good implementers of the MSSCL.Conclusions. Incorporation of the MSSCL into routine surgical practice has now been recommended for all public sector hospitals in SA, and emphasis should be placed on improving the quality of implementation

Prevalencia de obesidad en la embarazada coordinada para cesárea / Prevalence of obesity in pregnant women coordinated for cesarean section

Introducción: El estado nutricional materno tiene un efecto determinante sobre la morbimortalidad obstétrica y perinatal. Las embarazadas obesas representan un reto para el anestesiólogo ya que habitualmente presentan otras patologías asociadas, mayor riesgo de nacimiento por cesárea y dificultades técnicas asociadas tanto con la anestesia regional como general. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recomienda usar el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para evaluar el estado nutricional de la mujer embarazada. Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo que incluyó 893 pacientes sometidas a cesárea con anestesia raquídea en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell desde octubre de 2014 a octubre del 2015. Resultados: Se obtuvo un promedio de IMC 29.8 ± 0.2 Kg. /m2, con un mínimo y un máximo en 16.01 y 51.56 respectivamente. Con una incidencia de obesidad del 43,2%. Conclusiones: Los resultados de nuestro estudio muestran una alta prevalencia de obesidad, consideramos que estos datos pueden ser representativos de la realidad obstétrica de nuestro país ya que hasta el momento no hemos encontrado un estudio nacional en el que se determine la incidencia de obesidad en la población obstétrica.

Introduction: Maternal nutritional status has a decisive effect on obstetric and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Obese pregnant pose a challenge to the anesthesiologist because usually have other associated diseases, increased risk of caesarean delivery and technical difficulties associated with both regional and general anesthesia. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends using body mass index (BMI) to assess the nutritional status in pregnant woman. Methods: We conducted a prospective study that included 893 patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia in the CHPR from October 2014 to October 2015. Results: An average BMI 29.8 ± 0.2 kg / m2 was obtained, with a minimum and a maximum at 16.01 and 51.56 respectively. With an incidence of obesity of 43.2%. Conclusions: The results of our study show a high prevalence of obesity, we believe that these data may be representative of obstetric reality of our country and so far have not found a national study in which the incidence of obesity is determined in the obstetric population.

Tendencia de la operación cesárea en la República de Guatemala. propuesta de intervención - ¡Al menos intentémoslo / Trend of the cesarean operation in the Republic of Guatemala. proposed intervention - at least let's try it

Introducción: El aumento de la operación cesárea ha sido catalogado como un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Esto debido aque el aumento del número de operaciones realizadas está llegando a cifras inadmisibles. Desde la década de los ochenta del siglopasado los profesionales de la salud de todo el mundo han mantenido y aceptado la tasa ideal de cesárea sugerida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), según la cual la proporción debería oscilar entre el 10% y el 15% del total de partos. En el año 2015 la OMS publicó la nueva declaración sobre la tasa de cesárea endonde cuestiona la tasa ideal mencionada anteriormente; sin embargo, enfatiza que las tasas superiores al 10% no están asociadas con una reducción en la razón de mortalidad materna nien la reducción de la tasa de mortalidad perinataly neonatal, y que las cesáreas son eficaces para salvar la vida de las madres y los neonatos cuando son necesarias por motivos médicos...

Introduction: The increase in caesarean sectionhas been listed as a public health problem worldwide.This is due to the increase number of operations performed, but even more for theunacceptable higher rates achieved. Since theeighties in the last century, health professionals around the world have maintained and accepted the ideal caesarean section rate suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) and whichshould range between 10% and 15%. In 2015the WHO published the new statement on therate of caesarean section in which they questioned the ideal rate mentioned before, howeveremphasizes that at population level, higher rates of caesarean section above 10% are not associated with a reduction in the maternal mortality ratio, or in reducing the rate of perinatal and neonatal mortality and that the caesarean sections areeffective in saving the lives of mothers and new-born’s when needed for medical reasons...

Grosor de segmento uterino inferior como predictor de resolución de embarazo vía vaginal en pacientes con cesárea previa / Thickness of the lower uterine segment as a predictor of pregnancy resolution vaginally in patients with previous cesarean

Objetivo El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar siel grosor del segmento uterino, medido por ultrasonido, esun predictor de la resolución del embarazo por vía vaginal.Método Estudio observacional de prueba diagnóstica quese llevó a cabo en el Hospital General San Juan de Diosde la Ciudad de Guatemala, en la Unidad de Obstetricia. Elestudio incluyo a todas las pacientes que cumplieron conlos requisitos de una cesárea previa en el periodo de enerode 2011 a enero 2012. Resultados del grupo total (n 43), el81% (n=35) resolvieron parto por vía vaginal, y el 19% (n=8)por cesárea. El 58% tenían un grosor menor de 3.5 mm y el42% fue mayor o igual a ello. De 35 pacientes que tuvieronparto eutócico simple, el 48 %(n= 19) fue menor de 3.5 mm,mientras que 52 % (n=17) tenían una medición igual o mayor;de las 8 sometidas a cesárea, en 7 fue menor de 3.5 mm. Lamorbilidad se presentó solamente en el grupo cuyo segmentofue menor de 3.5 mm, 2.3% (n=1) ruptura uterina y 4.6% (n=2)dehiscencias uterinas, y representaron el 12.5 % de las 24pacientes. No hubo mortalidad materna. Conclusión Se puedeofrecer prueba de parto vaginal a pacientes con una cesàreaprevia independientemente del grosor del segmento uterinoinferior; sin embargo cuando el mismo es menor de 3.5mmse debe realizar un monitoreo materno fetal más estricto.

Objective The objective of this research was to determinewhether uterine segment thickness, measured by ultrasound,is a predictor of pregnancy resolution vaginally. MethodObservational study of diagnostic test that took place inHospital General San Juan de Dios in Guatemala City, atthe Obstetrics Unit. The study included all patients who metthe requirements of a previous cesarean in the period fromJanuary 2011 to January 2012. Results of the total group (n43), 81% (n = 35) resolved vaginal delivery, and 19% (n =8) by cesarean section. 58% had a thickness less than 3.5mm and 42% was greater than or equal to it. 35 patientswho had single vaginal delivery, 48% (n = 19) was less than3.5 mm, while 52% (n = 17) had a measurement equal to orgreater; from 8 subjected to caesarean section 7 was lessthan 3.5 mm. The morbidity was observed only in the groupwhose segment was less than 3.5 mm, 2.3% (n = 1) uterinerupture and 4.6% (n = 2) uterine dehiscence, and accountedfor 12.5% of the 24 patients. There were no maternal deaths.Conclusion We can offer trial of labor in patients with aprevious cesarean section regardless of the thickness of thelower uterine segment; however when it is less than 3.5mmstrict materno-fetal monitoring is mandatory.

Amniotic Fluid Embolism.

Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE) is a potentially fatal rare obstetric complication. In this paper, the death of a 30-year old apparently healthy parturient due to AFE is reported. She underwent Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) under spinal anaesthesia but after about half an hour of the operative procedure, she developed features of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and shock, and died within five hours of the onset of the symptoms. The sudden death of an apparently healthy parturient may lead to medical negligence claims by the relatives. In developing countries, it still remains a post-mortem diagnosis and in the present case, histopathological examination findings helped in coming to a conclusive opinion of AFE.

Consideraciones sobre el índice de cesárea primitiva / Consideracions on primitive cesarean rate

Introducción: el aumento del indicador de cesárea constituye un problema a escala mundial, con elevado incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad maternas.Objetivo: mostrar la incidencia de la operación cesárea en nuestro país en el periodo comprendido de 1970 a 2011, así como hacer un breve análisis de sus principales indicaciones.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal, durante el periodo de 1970-2011.Resultados: se evidenció un incremento sostenido de la cesárea en el país, en correspondencia con todas las provincias, de alrededor de 1 porciento anual en los últimos años. El aumento de la tasa de cesáreas se hizo más marcado entre los años 2002-2010 y 4 provincias muestran los indicadores más altos. En el último bienio (2010-2011), el indicador presentó los valores más elevados, de 30,6 y 30,4 porciento, respectivamente.Conclusiones: la evolución de la cesárea en Cuba mostró un aumento sostenido y constituye un motivo de preocupación que exige el análisis y la toma de decisiones que permitan su buen control, basado en el estudio científico en cada institución, de manera que se aseguren, además, indicadores adecuados tanto de morbilidad y mortalidad materna como perinatal.

Introduction: the increasing cesarean indicator is a global problem due to the high increase in maternal morbidity and mortality.Objective: to show the incidence of operation caesarean section in our country in the period from 1970 to 2011, as well as a brief analysis of their main indications.Methods: a descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study to show the incidence of cesarean section in Cuba was performed, covering each province from 1970 to 2011.Results: a sustained increase in caesarean section in Cuba was evident to all regions of about 1 percent per year in recent years. The increase in the cesarean rate was more pronounced in 2002-2010 and 4 provinces showed the highest indicators. In the last two years (2010-2011), the indicator reached its highest values, 30.6 and 30.4 percent, respectively.Conclusions: the evolution of caesarean Cuba showed a steady increase and it is a matter of concern that requires analysis and decision making allowing good control, based on the scientific study at each institution, so as to ensure further suitable indicators of both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Cesárea y mortalidad perinatal: incidencia y tendencia 42 años (1969-2010) / Cesarean section and perinatal mortality: incidence and 42 years trend (1969-2010)

Determinar cuál ha sido la incidencia y tendencia de la cesárea y la mortalidad perinatal durante los 42 años de actividad asistencial, en el Hospital “Dr. Adolfo Prince Lara”, Puerto Cabello, Estado Carabobo. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y epidemiológico con 27 033 cesáreas y 5 756 muertes perinatales sucedidas en 134 198 nacimientos desde 1969-2010. Se determinó sus incidencias, variaciones porcentuales y tasas, se graficó como serie cronológica, expresando sus porcentajes y tasas anualizadas respectivas, en el análisis estadístico de regresión se señaló la línea de tendencia individual, y finalmente se calculó su ecuación y coeficiente de determinación (R²). La incidencia de cesáreas para el período estudiado fue de 20,46 por 100 nacimientos o 1 cesárea cada 5 nacimientos; durante este lapso las cifras extremas o rangos fueron de 4,6 (1970 y 1972) y 43,15 (2010), con una variación porcentual de 737,86. El análisis muestra una línea de tendencia logarítmica global al ascenso sostenido; la fórmula de regresión logarítmica fue y = 11,642ln(x) - 12,188 y el R² = 0,7301, con utilidad pronóstica. La tasa de mortalidad perinatal fue de 41,5 por 1 000 nacidos; hubo cifras extremas de 26,1 (1982) y 59,32 (1975) con variación porcentual de 4,17 por ciento. El análisis señala valores con oscilaciones, hay una línea de tendencia con discreta disminución; la fórmula de regresión logarítmica fue y = -1,578ln(x) + 45,961 y el R² = 0,0322, sin utilidad pronóstica. La incidencia de cesárea en el hospital tiene tendencia progresiva al incremento, finalizando con cifras muy elevadas inaceptables. La tasa global mortalidad perinatal es alta, hay una discreta disminución no significativa, lo cual revela que la cesárea no ha aportado beneficios importantes en la disminución de la mortalidad perinatal. Se presentan estrategias para abatir la “epidemia” de cesáreas y combatir la elevada mortalidad perinatal con actividades intra y extra-hospitalarias

To determine what has been the incidence and trends of cesarean section and perinatal mortality (PM) during 42 years of medical service. Hospital “Dr. Adolfo Prince Lara”, Puerto Cabello, Estado Carabobo. Study observational epidemiological and retrospective of 27 033 cesarean sections and 5 756 perinatal deaths in 134,198 births occurred from 1969-2010. We determined their issues, percentage changes and rates were plotted as time series, expressing their percentage and annualized rates respectively, in the regression analysis statistical indicated the trend line individually, and finally calculated the equation and coefficient of determination (R ²). The incidence of caesarean section for that period were 20.46 cesarean per 100 births or 1 in 5 births, during this time the extreme figures or ranges were 4.6 (1970 and 1972) and 43.15 (2010), 737.86 a percentage change. The analysis shows an overall logarithmic trend line to the steady climb, the logarithmic regression formula was y = 11.642 ln (x) - 12.188 and R ² = 0.7301, with profit forecasts. PM rate was 41.5 per 1 000 births, extreme figures were 26.1 (1982) and 59.32 (1975), with 4.17 percent percentage change. The analysis indicates values with swings, there is a trend line with a slight decrease, the logarithmic regression formula was y = -1.578 ln (x) + 45.961 and R ² = 0.0322, forecasts useless. The incidence of caesarean section in the hospital tends to increase gradually, ending with very high figures unacceptable. The overall perinatal mortality is high, there is a slight non significant decrease, which reveals that cesarean section has not provided significant benefits in reducing the PM. Strategies are presented to bring down the “epidemic” of C-sections and combat high maternal mortality with intra-and extra-hospital activities

Sudden cardiac arrest during cesarean section - a possible case of amniotic fluid embolism

Amniotic Fluid Embolism [AFE] is a rare obstetric catastrophe that occurs in approximately 1/50,000 pregnancies and has a mortality rate in excess of 80%. AFE is a condition that is poorly understood and often difficult to diagnose. We report a case of a healthy 27 yr-old gravid two, 35 wk gestation parturient with a previous Cesarean section two years previously, and presently admitted for emergent Cesarean section due to premature uterine contractions. Induction of general anesthesias was performed with no problem and a male preterm infant with Apgar 8 at 1min was delivered. Amniotic fluid was bloody and 40% placental abruption existed. Following delivery of the placenta, patient suddenly became plethoric and O2 saturation began to decrease and no pulse could be palpated! Immediate CPR was successful but she was hemodynamically unstable and signs of right heart strain was obvious. Right jugular venous catheterization was performed, vasopressors were administered. After a two hours period of relatively stable vital signs, patient's reflexes returned to normal, however, profound coagulopathy on lab data was reported and she was treated with 10 unit Packed Red Blood Cells [PRBCs], 10 unit FFP and 8 unit platelets, Sodium bicarbonate, oxytocin and Methergine. The patient remained hemodynamically unstable while laparotomy-hysterectomy was performed to stop the bleeding. Unfortunately attempts were unsuccessful and patient died four hours later in ICU. Post-mortem findings showed signs of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation [DIC], no fetal squamous cells in pulmonary vasculature were found and special staining of Cytokeratin marker shows no positive cells in lumen of vessels. The post-mortem diagnosis of AFE is challenging to forensic investigators and pathologists and can be confirmed by histological confirmation of amniotic fluid contents in the pulmonary vasculature, although they may be difficult to identify. In recent years it has been suggested that AFE is an anaphylactoid reaction to fetal antigens and an elevated serum tryptase level is increasingly being used to support the diagnosis. Sudden onset of cardiovascular collapse and early signs of right heart strain and fulminant DIC supports the diagnosis of AFE in this case, although no fetal debri could be find in pathologic staining

Caesarean Section Related Morbidity and Mortality at the Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu

Background: There is a general aversion to Caesarean section among Nigerian women. However; with increasing safety of the procedure and better enlightenment; more women are beginning to accept the procedure. To maintain this increasing acceptability; Caesarean section related morbidity and mortality must be reduced to the barest minimal levels. Aim: To determine the incidence and the complications associated with Caesarean section at the Imo State University Teaching Hospital; Orlu. Methods: A four-year descriptive study from June 2004 to May 2008 from the Obstetrics Department of Imo State University Teaching Hospital; Orlu was conducted. All pregnant women that were delivered by Caesarean section were included. Results: There were 363 (33.2) mothers who underwent Caesarean sections out of 1094 deliveries in the unit during the period under review. Postoperative complications occurred in 52 patients (14.5). The complications cut across all reproductive age groups and parity. The commonest complications encountered were wound infection (71.9); postpartum haemorrhage (63.2) and anaemia (40.4). The mortality rate was 1.2. Conclusion: The Caesarean section complication rate of 14.5is still high; even though it is less than the figures quoted for some environments. There is still the need to reduce this rate to the barest minimum for us to be able to sustain the gains of the recent past

Emergency Caesarean Section in a Nigerian Tertiary Health Centre

Background: Caesarean delivery is an important aspect of emergency obstetric care and a major tool in the reduction of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study was done to determine the caesarean section rate; ascertain the trend of emergency caesarean section; indications for emergency caesarean section and emergency caesarean morbidity and mortality at the Federal Medical Centre Makurdi. Method: A retrospective analysis of the clinical records of all patients delivered by caesarean section between January 2004 and December 2006 at the Federal Medical Centre Makurdi in north central Nigeria was conducted. Results: There were 4011 deliveries with 420 caesarean sections during the review period giving a caesarean section rate of 10.5. Emergency caesarean sections accounted for 351 (83.6) caesarean deliveries. The rate of emergency caesarean section decreased from 89.7in 2004 to 77.2in 2006. The leading indication for emergency caesarean section was cephalopelvic disproportion; accounting for 138 (39.3) cases; while antepartum haemorrhage and foetal distress followed in that order. There were 9 maternal deaths associated with emergency caesarean section giving a caesarean mortality rate of s 2.1Conclusion: Emergency caesarean sections account for 5 out of every 6 caesarean deliveries in our centre with a decreasing trend relative to elective caesarean sections. The emergency caesarean mortality is high

Maternal morbidity with caesarean section for non-progress of labour: an analytical study.

To estimate the maternal morbidity and mortality in caesarean section for non-progress of labour, a study was conducted over a period of 16 years at Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram among 533 cases of non-progress of labour for which caesarean section was performed. A total of 34975 women delivered including 7309 cases by caesarean section. Sixteen years records divided into 4 blocks, one each of 4 years were analysed. There was no maternal mortality but 8.25% women had intra-operative complication and 42.21% had postoperative morbidity. Timely intervention can save complication of prolonged labour as well as complications for which caesarean section was done for non-progress of labour.

Does the number of previous caesarean deliveries affect maternal outcome and complication rates?

We evaluated maternal complications in relation to number of previous caesarean sections in Princess Badea Teaching Hospital, Irbid, Jordan. Analysis of the medical records of 1739 patients delivered by caesarean section was conducted. It revealed a 14-fold increase in the risk of caesarean hysterectomy in patients with placenta praevia and previous caesarean section compared to patients with placenta praevia and no previous caesarean section. The risk of caesarean hysterectomy increased with increasing number of previous caesarean sections. Those with 3 or more previous caesarean sections were at significantly higher risk of blood transfusion. Post-operative pyrexia was commoner in women with 3 or more previous caesarean sections compared to those undergoing their first one

Caracterização da gestação e parto das adolescentes de São José do Rio Preto em 2003 / An overview of teenager’s pregnancy and childbirth in São José do Rio Preto in 2003

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar adolescentes que deram à luz, em São José do Rio Preto no ano de 2003, e seus filhos. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, retrospectivo. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se as “Declarações de Nascidos Vivos” (DNV) da Secretaria de Saúde desta cidade. Encontrou-se um total de 6.797 nascimentos na cidade, destes 16,8 eram filhos de adolescentes. A população foi constituída por 759 mulheres, com idade entre 12 e 19 anos, que deram à luz e residiam neste município. Entre essas adolescentes, 54,9

comparison of outcome of diagnosed versus undiagnosed breech at term in labour

To assess the proportion of undiagnosed breech presentation in labour and to compare their mode of delivery and outcome with those diagnosed prior to onset of labour. This comparative study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology unit I, at Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi. January 2001 to June2002. Low risk singleton breech presentation, 50 diagnosed and 50 undiagnosed cases in labour were selected to compare their mode of delivery and outcome. All high risk cases with breech presentation associated with complications or major congenital abnormalities were excluded. Outcome measures were assessed in form of Apgar score, birth injuries and neonatal deaths. Maternal morbidity was also assessed in term of infectious morbidity and duration of hospital stay 70% cases were selected for elective caesarean section in diagnosed group and 10%in the undiagnosed group. 54% of babies delivered by caesarean section weighed more than 3.5kg. There was no difference in perinatal morbidity and mortality. Maternal morbidity, and duration of hospital stay increased considerably in diagnosed group. Significant number of breech presentations remain undiagnosed because of lack of antenatal care and are more likely to deliver vaginally without any significant difference in neonatal mortality and morbidity. Caesarean section of selected cases of breech presentations is associated with increased maternal morbidity in both groups without corresponding improvement in neonatal outcome

Las lecciones derivadas del ASA Closed Claims Project (ASACCP). Proyecto de la ASA acerca de las razones que promovieron demandas contra anestesiólogos cuyos casos estaban ya archivados (2a parte): La paciente obstétrica. Una actualización / Lessons learned from the ASA Closed Claims Project (ASACCP). ASA Project about the reasons for wich claims against anesthesiologists were rewed in cases that had already been close (part 2): The obstetric patient. An update

El análisis de los últimos casos relacionados con el tema fue publicado en el año 1996 cuando en la base de la ASACCP constaban 3533 demandas terminadas. De éstas, 434 estuvieron relacionadas con la anestesia obstétrica. De las 434 demandas relacionadas con la anestesia obstétrica, 310 correspondieron a la operación cesárea y 124 al parto por vía vaginal con anestesia regional. Las muertes maternas (n=83) y el daño cerebral del recién nacido (n=82) continúan siendo las injurias más frecuentes en las pacientes obtétricas. La muerte materna estuvo más comúnmente relacionada con la anestesia general y con la operación cesárea. A pesar de que el número de muertes maternas consecutivas a la anestesia general se mantuvo estable a través de los años, el número de muertes asociadas a la anestesia regional declinó en forma marcada. Este decremento de muertes maternas bajo anestesia regional ocurrió sobre todo en los años 80, coincidiendo con la prohibición del uso de bupivacaína al 0,75 por ciento. Además, esta declinación se debe, sin duda, a la solución de los problemas creados por la vía aérea, la cual es más difícil de acceder en la mujer embarazada (1:270 en la paciente obstétrica, contra 1:2.230 de la no obstétrica). La necesidad de controlar la vía aérea es crucial para reducir los casos de muerte durante anestesia general. Lo mismo sucede con la anestesia regional cuando la altura del bloqueo es muy elevada o por cualquier otra razón que obligue a convertir una anestesia regional en una general. Siempre existe el temido problema de la aspiración de contenido gástrico, que sigue siendo la primera causa de muerte materna durante la anestesia y casi siempre asociada con una intubación dificultosa o fallida. El daño cerebral del recién nacido se produjo en el 19 por ciento de las demandas estudiadas por la ASACCP. En una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivo de recién nacidos en EE.UU se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, como los estudios de la ASACCP, para analizar el número de demandas relacionadas con los casos internados en dicha unidad. El estudio comprendió el período 1972-1992 durante el cual se produjeron 31 demandas por mala praxis sobre 9367 internaciones, con una incidencia de 0,33 por ciento. Según los autores, la frecuencia de juicios contra los anestesiólogos por problemas vinculados con el recién nacido se incrementó del 0,19 por ciento entre los años 1772-1974 al 0,39 entre 1980 y 1992...

Morte materna em hospital terciário do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil: um estudo de 20 anos / Maternal mortality at a tertiary hospital in Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil: a twenty-year study

OBJETIVO: analisar os casos de morte materna ocorridos no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), hospital universitário de referência para gestaçäo de alto risco no Rio Grande do Sul. MÉTODOS: realizamos estudo retrospectivo analisando os prontuários médicos das mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos que morreram no HCPA no período de 1980 a 1999. Foram analisadas apenas as mortes relacionadas a gestaçäo e puerpério (até 365 dias após o término da gestaçäo), independente do tipo e duraçäo da gestaçäo. As causas foram separadas em causas obstétricas diretas, obstétricas indiretas e causas näo obstétricas. RESULTADOS: entre as causas obstétricas diretas (61,7 por cento), destacaram-se a hipertensäo arterial (18,5 por cento), a infecçäo pós-cesariana (16 por cento) e o aborto séptico (12,3 por cento). Dentre as causas obstétricas indiretas (23,5 por cento), as mais prevalentes foram a cardiopatia (8,6 por cento), o fígado gorduroso agudo (3,5 por cento) e o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (2,5 por cento). Dentre as causas näo obstétricas (15,0 por cento), destacam-se as neoplasias malignas (7,4 por cento) e a AIDS (3,7 por cento). CONCLUSÖES: a prevalência das principais causas de morte materna näo sofreu modificaçäo nas últimas duas décadas, sendo que a principal causa continua sendo a hipertensäo arterial. Também, há número significativo de mortes relacionadas à cesariana (relacionadas ao procedimento) e às infecçöes. Podemos concluir que a prevalência de causas obstétricas diretas aponta para a baixa capacidade de prevençäo de morte materna no nosso sistema de saúde